Similarly, in a widely quoted study, the Kaiser Family Foundation ( Rideout, Foehr, Roberts, & Brodie, 1999) reported a national sample of children ages 2- to 18-year-old children’s daily television, movies, computers, music, video games, and radio use in hours and minutes. (1998) reported Internet use in hours per week.

In the pioneering Home-Net Study, for example, Kraut et al. Until recently, before mobile computer technologies became the norm, measuring media and technology use most often involved monitoring hours and minutes spent doing various computer activities ( Kraut et al., 1998 Stanger & Gridina, 1999 Subrahmanyam, Kraut, Greenfield, & Gross, 2000), watching television ( Stanger, 1998), playing video games ( Phillips, Rolls, Rouse, & Griffiths, 1995) or some combination of those activities ( Media Metrix, 1999 Nielsen Media Research, 1999).

Given the reliability and validity results, the new Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale was suggested as a method of measuring media and technology involvement across a variety of types of research studies either as a single 60-item scale or any subset of the 15 subscales. All subscales showed strong reliabilities and relationships between the subscales and pre-existing measures of daily media usage and Internet addiction were as predicted. Factor analyses were used to create 11 usage subscales representing smartphone usage, general social media usage, Internet searching, e-mailing, media sharing, text messaging, video gaming, online friendships, Facebook friendships, phone calling, and watching television in addition to four attitude-based subscales: positive attitudes, negative attitudes, technological anxiety/dependence, and attitudes toward task-switching. Sixty-six items concerning technology and media usage, along with 18 additional items assessing attitudes toward technology, were administered to two independent samples of individuals, comprising 942 participants. In the present study, a wide variety of items, covering a range of up-to-date technology and media usage behaviors. Current approaches to measuring people’s everyday usage of technology-based media and other computer-related activities have proved to be problematic as they use varied outcome measures, fail to measure behavior in a broad range of technology-related domains and do not take into account recently developed types of technology including smartphones.

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